Knights of Malta History

The Knights of Malta, officially known as the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta, left an indelible mark on Maltese history. Their presence transformed these islands into a formidable fortress and a centre of culture, architecture, and power that continues to shape Malta's identity today.

Overview of the Knights' Presence in Malta

The Knights of Malta arrived in Malta in 1530, having been expelled from Rhodes by the Ottoman Empire. They established their base in Birgu (Vittoriosa) before building the new capital city of Valletta after the Great Siege of 1565. The Knights ruled Malta for 268 years until 1798 when Napoleon Bonaparte expelled them during his Mediterranean campaign. During their rule, the Knights transformed Malta into a European stronghold, developing its fortifications, creating unique architectural styles, and establishing a naval presence that dominated the central Mediterranean.

Historical Background and Key Events

The origins of the Knights date back to the 11th century as a religious military order caring for sick pilgrims in Jerusalem. After the fall of the Crusader states, they moved to Rhodes in 1309, where they built formidable defences. Expelled by Suleiman the Magnificent in 1522, they received Malta from Emperor Charles V in 1530. The Great Siege of 1565 was their defining moment, when approximately 500 Knights and 8,000 Maltese defenders repelled an Ottoman force of approximately 40,000 troops. This victory led to the construction of Valletta, named after Grand Master Jean Parisot de la Valette. The Knights' rule ended when Napoleon seized Malta en route to Egypt, marking the beginning of French occupation and eventually British rule.

What to See Related to the Knights of Malta

Valletta stands as the most significant monument to the Knights' legacy, with its fortifications, palaces, and cathedrals. The Grand Master's Palace, now housing the Maltese Parliament and the Armoury, offers insights into their governance and military prowess. St. John's Co-Cathedral contains the Caravaggio masterpiece 'The Beheading of St. John' and the tombs of Grand Masters. The Upper Barrakka Gardens provide panoramic views of the Grand Harbour where the Great Siege took place. In Birgu, you can explore Fort St. Angelo, the Knights' first headquarters, and the Inquisitor's Palace. The Three Cities across the harbour from Valletta - Vittoriosa, Senglea, and Cospicua - contain numerous Knight-era buildings and fortifications.

Practical Information for Visitors

When planning your visit to Knights-related sites, remember that opening hours and entrance fees may vary, so it's advisable to check locally before your visit. Many sites are accessible by public transport, with buses connecting to Valletta and the Three Cities from various parts of Malta. Comfortable walking shoes are recommended as you'll be exploring historic areas with uneven surfaces. Photography is generally permitted in outdoor areas but may be restricted inside certain buildings. Some sites offer guided tours which can provide deeper insights into the Knights' history - availability should be checked in advance. During peak season, popular sites may experience queues, so consider visiting early in the morning.

Best Time to Visit Malta

Malta's Mediterranean climate makes it attractive year-round, but the best time to explore historical sites related to the Knights is during the spring (April to June) and autumn (September to October). During these months, temperatures are pleasantly warm, averaging between 18-25°C, with fewer crowds than in the peak summer months. The shoulder seasons also offer more comfortable conditions for walking around Valletta's streets and climbing fortifications. If you wish to experience historical reenactments or events related to the Knights, check the annual calendar as some special commemorations occur during specific periods, particularly around the anniversary of the Great Siege in June.

Nearby Attractions to Explore

Beyond the main Knights' sites, Malta offers several related attractions. The Malta National War Museum in Fort St. Elmo covers military history including the Knights' period. The Maritime Museum in Vittoriosa showcases Malta's naval heritage, closely tied to the Knights' naval power. For a broader historical context, the Ħal Saflieni Hypogeum and the Megalithic Temples provide insights into Malta's ancient past before the Knights' arrival. The fortified city of Mdina, Malta's former capital, offers a different historical experience with its Norman architecture and medieval atmosphere. The island of Gozo, accessible by ferry, contains the Cittadella, a fortified citadel with Knight-era modifications and earlier historical layers.